core/state/snapshot: avoid copybytes for stacktrie

This change adds the --catalyst flag, enabling an RPC API for eth2 integration.
In this initial version, catalyst mode also disables all peer-to-peer networking.

Co-authored-by: Mikhail Kalinin <noblesse.knight@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

The stacktrie is a bit un-untuitive, API-wise: since it mutates input values.
Such behaviour is dangerous, and easy to get wrong if the calling code 'forgets' this quirk. The behaviour is fixed by this PR, so that the input values are not modified by the stacktrie. 

Note: just as with the Trie, the stacktrie still references the live input objects, so it's still _not_ safe to mutate the values form the callsite. 

* les/vflux/server: fix estimatePriority corner case

* les/vflux/server: simplify inactiveAllowance == 0 case

eth/protocols/snap: use ephemeral channels to avoid cross-sync delveries

* log: fix formatting of big.Int

The implementation of formatLogfmtBigInt had two issues: it crashed when
the number was actually large enough to hit the big integer case, and
modified the big.Int while formatting it.

* log: don't call FormatLogfmtInt64 for int16

* log: separate from decimals back, not front

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

This adds simple unit test checking if the hard-coded genesis
hash values in package params match the actual genesis block hashes.

* all: add thousandths separators for big numbers on log messages

* p2p/sentry: drop accidental file

* common, log: add fast number formatter

* common, eth/protocols/snap: simplifty fancy num types

* log: handle nil big ints

core/types: drop some relice data types

* eth/protocols: persist received state segments

* core: initial implementation

* core/state/snapshot: add tests

* core, eth: updates

* eth/protocols/snapshot: count flat state size

* core/state: add metrics

* core/state/snapshot: skip unnecessary deletion

* core/state/snapshot: rename

* core/state/snapshot: use the global batch

* core/state/snapshot: add logs and fix wiping

* core/state/snapshot: fix

* core/state/snapshot: save generation progress even if the batch is empty

* core/state/snapshot: fixes

* core/state/snapshot: fix initial account range length

* core/state/snapshot: fix initial account range

* eth/protocols/snap: store flat states during the healing

* eth/protocols/snap: print logs

* core/state/snapshot: refactor (#4)

* core/state/snapshot: refactor

* core/state/snapshot: tiny fix and polish

Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>

* core, eth: fixes

* core, eth: fix healing writer

* core, trie, eth: fix paths

* eth/protocols/snap: fix encoding

* eth, core: add debug log

* core/state/generate: release iterator asap (#5)

core/state/snapshot: less copy

core/state/snapshot: revert split loop

core/state/snapshot: handle storage becoming empty, improve test robustness

core/state: test modified codehash

core/state/snapshot: polish

* core/state/snapshot: optimize stats counter

* core, eth: add metric

* core/state/snapshot: update comments

* core/state/snapshot: improve tests

* core/state/snapshot: replace secure trie with standard trie

* core/state/snapshot: wrap return as the struct

* core/state/snapshot: skip wiping correct states

* core/state/snapshot: updates

* core/state/snapshot: fixes

* core/state/snapshot: fix panic due to reference flaw in closure

* core/state/snapshot: fix errors in state generation logic + fix log output

* core/state/snapshot: remove an error case

* core/state/snapshot: fix condition-check for exhausted snap state

* core/state/snapshot: use stackTrie for small tries

* core/state/snapshot: don't resolve small storage tries in vain

* core/state/snapshot: properly clean up storage of deleted accounts

* core/state/snapshot: avoid RLP-encoding in some cases + minor nitpicks

* core/state/snapshot: fix error (+testcase)

* core/state/snapshot: clean up tests a bit

* core/state/snapshot: work in progress on better tests

* core/state/snapshot: polish code

* core/state/snapshot: fix trie iteration abortion trigger

* core/state/snapshot: fixes flaws

* core/state/snapshot: remove panic

* core/state/snapshot: fix abort

* core/state/snapshot: more tests (plus failing testcase)

* core/state/snapshot: more testcases + fix for failing test

* core/state/snapshot: testcase for malformed data

* core/state/snapshot: some test nitpicks

* core/state/snapshot: improvements to logging

* core/state/snapshot: testcase to demo error in abortion

* core/state/snapshot: fix abortion

* cmd/geth: make verify-state report the root

* trie: fix failing test

* core/state/snapshot: add timer metrics

* core/state/snapshot: fix metrics

* core/state/snapshot: udpate tests

* eth/protocols/snap: write snapshot account even if code or state is needed

* core/state/snapshot: fix diskmore check

* core/state/snapshot: review fixes

* core/state/snapshot: improve error message

* cmd/geth: rename 'error' to 'err' in logs

* core/state/snapshot: fix some review concerns

* core/state/snapshot, eth/protocols/snap: clear snapshot marker when starting/resuming snap sync

* core: add error log

* core/state/snapshot: use proper timers for metrics collection

* core/state/snapshot: address some review concerns

* eth/protocols/snap: improved log message

* eth/protocols/snap: fix heal logs to condense infos

* core/state/snapshot: wait for generator termination before restarting

* core/state/snapshot: revert timers to counters to track total time

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>
Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

This PR makes it easier to inspect the freezer index, which could be useful to investigate things like #22111

* replaces `an chance` with `a chance`
* replaces `SignHashWithPassphrase` with `SignTextWithPassphrase` as there was no SignHashWithPasspharse function in the file

eth, les: drop support for eth/64

params: update CHTs for v1.10.2

eth: fix tracing state retrieval if requesting the non-dirty genesis

* core/vm: implement AccessListTracer

* eth: implement debug.createAccessList

* core/vm: fixed nil panics in accessListTracer

* eth: better error messages for createAccessList

* eth: some fixes on CreateAccessList

* eth: allow for provided accesslists

* eth: pass accesslist by value

* eth: remove created acocunt from accesslist

* core/vm: simplify access list tracer

* core/vm: unexport accessListTracer

* eth: return best guess if al iteration times out

* eth: return best guess if al iteration times out

* core: docstring, unexport methods

* eth: typo

* internal/ethapi: move createAccessList to eth package

* internal/ethapi: remove reexec from createAccessList

* internal/ethapi: break if al is equal to last run, not if gas is equal

* internal/web3ext: fixed arguments

* core/types: fixed equality check for accesslist

* core/types: no hardcoded vals

* core, internal: simplify access list generation, make it precise

* core/vm: fix typo

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>
Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* eth, les: fix tracer

* eth: isolate live trie database in tracer

* eth: fix nil

* eth: fix

* eth, les: add checkLive param

* eth/tracer: fix

* les: move client pool to les/vflux/server

* les/vflux/server: un-expose NodeBalance, remove unused fn, fix bugs

* tests/fuzzers/vflux: add ClientPool fuzzer

* les/vflux/server: fixed balance tests

* les: rebase fix

* les/vflux/server: fixed more bugs

* les/vflux/server: unexported NodeStateMachine fields and flags

* les/vflux/server: unexport all internal components and functions

* les/vflux/server: fixed priorityPool test

* les/vflux/server: polish balance

* les/vflux/server: fixed mutex locking error

* les/vflux/server: priorityPool bug fixed

* common/prque: make Prque wrap-around priority handling optional

* les/vflux/server: rename funcs, small optimizations

* les/vflux/server: fixed timeUntil

* les/vflux/server: separated balance.posValue and negValue

* les/vflux/server: polish setup

* les/vflux/server: enforce capacity curve monotonicity

* les/vflux/server: simplified requestCapacity

* les/vflux/server: requestCapacity with target range, no iterations in SetCapacity

* les/vflux/server: minor changes

* les/vflux/server: moved default factors to balanceTracker

* les/vflux/server: set inactiveFlag in priorityPool

* les/vflux/server: moved related metrics to vfs package

* les/vflux/client: make priorityPool temp state logic cleaner

* les/vflux/server: changed log.Crit to log.Error

* add vflux fuzzer to oss-fuzz

Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>

Move the cache sanity check to the SetEthConfig function
to allow the config file to load.

This change adds support for logging JSON records when the --log.json flag is
given. The --debug and --backtrace flags are deprecated and replaced by
--log.debug and --log.backtrace.

While changing this, it was noticed that the --memprofilerate and
--blockprofilerate were ineffective (they were always overridden even if
--pprof.memprofilerate was not set). This is also fixed.

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

This adds support for EIP-2718 access list transactions in the GraphQL API.

Co-authored-by: Amit Shah <amitshah0t7@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

This removes the duplicated definition of eth_chainID
in package eth and updates the definition in internal/ethapi
to treat chain ID as a bigint.

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

all: fix miner hashRate -> hashrate on API calls

This fixes a rare issue where the client subscription forwarding loop
would attempt send on the subscription's channel after Unsubscribe has
returned, leading to a panic if the subscription channel was already
closed by the user. Example:

    sub, _ := client.Subscribe(..., channel, ...)
    sub.Unsubscribe()
    close(channel)

The race occurred because Unsubscribe called quitWithServer to tell the
forwarding loop to stop sending on sub.channel, but did not wait for the
loop to actually come down. This is fixed by adding an additional channel
to track the shutdown, on which Unsubscribe now waits.

Fixes #22322

* core/state/snapshot, ethdb: track deletions more accurately

* core/state/snapshot: don't reset the iterator, leveldb's screwy

* ethdb: don't mess with the insert batches for now

This fixes an issue where the ethstats service could crash if geth was
started and then immediately stopped due to an internal error. The
cause of the crash was a nil subscription being returned by the backend,
because the background goroutine creating them was scheduled after
the backend had already shut down.

Moving the creation of subscriptions into the Start method, which runs
synchronously during startup of the node, means the returned subscriptions
can never be 'nil'.

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>