trie/database: fix overflow in parent tracking

* trie: return hasher to pool

* trie: minor code formatting fix

The current trie memory database/cache that we do pruning on stores
trie nodes as binary rlp encoded blobs, and also stores the node
relationships/references for GC purposes. However, most of the trie
nodes (everything apart from a value node) is in essence just a
collection of references.

This PR switches out the RLP encoded trie blobs with the
collapsed-but-not-serialized trie nodes. This permits most of the
references to be recovered from within the node data structure,
avoiding the need to track them a second time (expensive memory wise).

optimization code

* trie: reduce hasher allocations

name    old time/op    new time/op    delta
Hash-8    4.05µs ±12%    3.56µs ± 9%  -12.13%  (p=0.000 n=20+19)

name    old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
Hash-8    1.30kB ± 0%    0.66kB ± 0%  -49.15%  (p=0.000 n=20+20)

name    old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
Hash-8      11.0 ± 0%       8.0 ± 0%  -27.27%  (p=0.000 n=20+20)

* trie: bump initial buffer cap in hasher

* core, eth, trie: streaming GC for the trie cache

* trie: track memcache statistics

This removes a golint warning: type name will be used as trie.TrieSync by
other packages, and that stutters; consider calling this Sync.

In hexToKeybytes len(hex) is even and (even+1)/2 == even/2, remove the +1.

* all: get rid of error when create mdb

* core: clean up variables definition

* all: inline mdb definition

* go-metrics: fork library and introduce ResettingTimer and InfluxDB reporter.

* vendor: change nonsense/go-metrics to ethersphere/go-metrics

* go-metrics: add tests. move ResettingTimer logic from reporter to type.

* all, metrics: pull in metrics package in go-ethereum

* metrics/test: make sure metrics are enabled for tests

* metrics: apply gosimple rules

* metrics/exp, internal/debug: init expvar endpoint when starting pprof server

* internal/debug: tiny comment formatting fix

This commit reduces database I/O by not writing every state trie to disk.

This reverts commit 0f7fbb85.

* trie: make fullnode children hash calculation concurrently

* trie: thread out only on topmost fullnode

* trie: clean up full node children hash calculation

* trie: minor code fixups

This PR implements the new LES protocol version extensions:

* new and more efficient Merkle proofs reply format (when replying to
  a multiple Merkle proofs request, we just send a single set of trie
  nodes containing all necessary nodes)
* BBT (BloomBitsTrie) works similarly to the existing CHT and contains
  the bloombits search data to speed up log searches
* GetTxStatusMsg returns the inclusion position or the
  pending/queued/unknown state of a transaction referenced by hash
* an optional signature of new block data (number/hash/td) can be
  included in AnnounceMsg to provide an option for "very light
  clients" (mobile/embedded devices) to skip expensive Ethash check
  and accept multiple signatures of somewhat trusted servers (still a
  lot better than trusting a single server completely and retrieving
  everything through RPC). The new client mode is not implemented in
  this PR, just the protocol extension.

* ethdb: add Putter interface and Has method

* ethdb: improve docs and add IdealBatchSize

* ethdb: remove memory batch lock

Batches are not safe for concurrent use.

* core: use ethdb.Putter for Write* functions

This covers the easy cases.

* core/state: simplify StateSync

* trie: optimize local node check

* ethdb: add ValueSize to Batch

* core: optimize HasHeader check

This avoids one random database read get the block number. For many uses
of HasHeader, the expectation is that it's actually there. Using Has
avoids a load + decode of the value.

* core: write fast sync block data in batches

Collect writes into batches up to the ideal size instead of issuing many
small, concurrent writes.

* eth/downloader: commit larger state batches

Collect nodes into a batch up to the ideal size instead of committing
whenever a node is received.

* core: optimize HasBlock check

This avoids a random database read to get the number.

* core: use numberCache in HasHeader

numberCache has higher capacity, increasing the odds of finding the
header without a database lookup.

* core: write imported block data using a batch

Restore batch writes of state and add blocks, tx entries, receipts to
the same batch. The change also simplifies the miner.

This commit also removes posting of logs when a forked block is imported.

* core: fix DB write error handling

* ethdb: use RLock for Has

* core: fix HasBlock comment

With this commit, core/state's access to the underlying key/value database is
mediated through an interface. Database errors are tracked in StateDB and
returned by CommitTo or the new Error method.

Motivation for this change: We can remove the light client's duplicated copy of
core/state. The light client now supports node iteration, so tracing and storage
enumeration can work with the light client (not implemented in this commit).