This PR introduces:

- db.put to put a value into the database
- db.get to read a value from the database
- db.delete to delete a value from the database
- db.stats to check compaction info from the database
- db.compact to trigger a db compaction

It also moves inspectdb to db.inspect.

* core/state: copy the snap when copying the state

* core/state: deep-copy snap stuff during state Copy

* cmd, core, tests: initial state pruner

core: fix db inspector

cmd/geth: add verify-state

cmd/geth: add verification tool

core/rawdb: implement flatdb

cmd, core: fix rebase

core/state: use new contract code layout

core/state/pruner: avoid deleting genesis state

cmd/geth: add helper function

core, cmd: fix extract genesis

core: minor fixes

contracts: remove useless

core/state/snapshot: plugin stacktrie

core: polish

core/state/snapshot: iterate storage concurrently

core/state/snapshot: fix iteration

core: add comments

core/state/snapshot: polish code

core/state: polish

core/state/snapshot: rebase

core/rawdb: add comments

core/rawdb: fix tests

core/rawdb: improve tests

core/state/snapshot: fix concurrent iteration

core/state: run pruning during the recovery

core, trie: implement martin's idea

core, eth: delete flatdb and polish pruner

trie: fix import

core/state/pruner: add log

core/state/pruner: fix issues

core/state/pruner: don't read back

core/state/pruner: fix contract code write

core/state/pruner: check root node presence

cmd, core: polish log

core/state: use HEAD-127 as the target

core/state/snapshot: improve tests

cmd/geth: fix verification tool

cmd/geth: use HEAD as the verification default target

all: replace the bloomfilter with martin's fork

cmd, core: polish code

core, cmd: forcibly delete state root

core/state/pruner: add hash64

core/state/pruner: fix blacklist

core/state: remove blacklist

cmd, core: delete trie clean cache before pruning

cmd, core: fix lint

cmd, core: fix rebase

core/state: fix the special case for clique networks

core/state/snapshot: remove useless code

core/state/pruner: capping the snapshot after pruning

cmd, core, eth: fixes

core/rawdb: update db inspector

cmd/geth: polish code

core/state/pruner: fsync bloom filter

cmd, core: print warning log

core/state/pruner: adjust the parameters for bloom filter

cmd, core: create the bloom filter by size

core: polish

core/state/pruner: sanitize invalid bloomfilter size

cmd: address comments

cmd/geth: address comments

cmd/geth: address comment

core/state/pruner: address comments

core/state/pruner: rename homedir to datadir

cmd, core: address comments

core/state/pruner: address comment

core/state: address comments

core, cmd, tests: address comments

core: address comments

core/state/pruner: release the iterator after each commit

core/state/pruner: improve pruner

cmd, core: adjust bloom paramters

core/state/pruner: fix lint

core/state/pruner: fix tests

core: fix rebase

core/state/pruner: remove atomic rename

core/state/pruner: address comments

all: run go mod tidy

core/state/pruner: avoid false-positive for the middle state roots

core/state/pruner: add checks for middle roots

cmd/geth: replace crit with error

* core/state/pruner: fix lint

* core: drop legacy bloom filter

* core/state/snapshot: improve pruner

* core/state/snapshot: polish concurrent logs to report ETA vs. hashes

* core/state/pruner: add progress report for pruning and compaction too

* core: fix snapshot test API

* core/state: fix some pruning logs

* core/state/pruner: support recovering from bloom flush fail

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

This moves the eth config definition into a separate package, eth/ethconfig. 
Packages eth and les can now import this common package instead of
importing eth from les, reducing dependencies.

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

fixes an issue where local transactions that were included in the chain before a SetHead were rejected if resubmitted, since the txpool had not reset the state to the current (older) state.

The PR makes use of the stacktrie, which is is more lenient on resource consumption, than the regular trie, in cases where we only need it for DeriveSha

* remove uneeded convertion type

* remove redundant type in composite literal

* omit explicit type where implicit

* remove unused redundant parenthesis

* remove redundant import alias duktape

Removes the yolov2 definition, adds yolov3, including EIP-2565. This PR also disables some of the erroneously generated blockchain and statetests, and adds the new genesis hash + alloc for yolov3. 
This PR disables the CLI switches for yolo, since it's not complete until we merge support for 2930. 

This PR implements the following modifications

- Don't shortcut check if block is present, thus avoid disk lookup
- Don't check hash ancestry in early-check (it's still done in parallel checker)
- Don't check time.Now for every single header

Charts and background info can be found here: https://github.com/holiman/headerimport/blob/main/README.md
With these changes, writing 1M headers goes down to from 80s to 62s.

When a sethead/rewind finds that the targeted block is missing, it resets to genesis instead of crashing. Closes #22129

Squashed from the following commits:

core/state: lazily init snapshot storage map
core/state: fix flawed meter on storage reads
core/state: make statedb/stateobjects reuse a hasher
core/blockchain, core/state: implement new trie prefetcher
core: make trie prefetcher deliver tries to statedb
core/state: refactor trie_prefetcher, export storage tries
blockchain: re-enable the next-block-prefetcher
state: remove panics in trie prefetcher
core/state/trie_prefetcher: address some review concerns

sq

* core/state/snapshot: write snapshot generator in batch

* core: refactor the tests

* core: update tests

* core: update tests

* deps: use improved bloom filter implementation

* eth/handler, trie: use 4 keys for syncbloom + minor fixes

* eth/protocols, trie: revert change on syncbloom method signature

* core: persist bad blocks

* core, eth, internal: address comments

* core/rawdb: add badblocks to inspector

* core, eth: update

* internal: revert

* core, eth: only save 10 bad blocks

* core/rawdb: address comments

* core/rawdb: fix

* core: address comments

* common,crypto: move fuzzers out of core

* fuzzers: move vm fuzzer out from core

* fuzzing: rework cover package logic

* fuzzers: lint

This commit splits the eth package, separating the handling of eth and snap protocols. It also includes the capability to run snap sync (https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md

) , but does not enable it by default. 

Co-authored-by: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

This PR implements unclean shutdown marker. Every time geth boots, it adds a timestamp to a list of timestamps in the database. This list is capped at 10. At a clean shutdown, the timestamp is removed again. 
Thus, when geth exits unclean, the marker remains, and at boot up we show the most recent unclean shutdowns to the user, which makes it easier to diagnose root-causes to certain problems. 

Co-authored-by: Nagy Salem <me@muhnagy.com>

* core: separate the local notion from the pricedHeap

* core: add benchmarks

* core: improve tests

* core: address comments

* core: degrade the panic to error message

* core: fix typo

* core: address comments

* core: address comment

* core: use PEAK instead of POP

* core: address comments

This commit fixes a flaw in two testcases, and brings down the exec-time from ~40s to ~8s for trie/TestIncompleteSync.

The checkConsistency was performed over and over again on the complete set of nodes, not just the recently added, turning it into a quadratic runtime.

* core: add test for headerchain inserts

* core, light: write headerchains in batches

* core: change to one callback per batch of inserted headers + review concerns

* core: error-check on batch write

* core: unexport writeHeaders

* core: remove callback parameter in InsertHeaderChain

The semantics of InsertHeaderChain are now much simpler: it is now an
all-or-nothing operation. The new WriteStatus return value allows
callers to check for the canonicality of the insertion. This change
simplifies use of HeaderChain in package les, where the callback was
previously used to post chain events.

* core: skip some hashing when writing headers

* core: less hashing in header validation

* core: fix headerchain flaw regarding blacklisted hashes

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

A lot of times when we hit 'core' errors, example: invalid tx, the information provided is
insufficient. We miss several pieces of information: what account has nonce too high,
and what transaction in that block was offending?

This PR adds that information, using the new type of wrapped errors.
It also adds a testcase which (partly) verifies the output from the errors.

The first commit changes all usage of direct equality-checks on core errors, into
using errors.Is. The second commit adds contextual information. This wraps most
of the core errors with more information, and also wraps it one more time in
stateprocessor, to further provide tx index and tx hash, if such a tx is encoutered in
a block. The third commit uses the chainmaker to try to generate chains with such
errors in them, thus triggering the errors and checking that the generated string meets
expectations.

This line is duplicated, though it doesn't cause any issues. 

Changes:

    Simplify nested complexity
    If an if blocks ends with a return statement then remove the else nesting.

Most of the changes has also been reported in golint https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum#golint

* cmd, core, eth, light, trie: disable recording preimage by default

* core, eth: fix unit tests

* core: fix import

* all: change to nopreimage

* cmd, core, eth, trie: use cache.preimages flag

* cmd: enable preimages for archive node

* cmd/utils, trie: simplify preimage tracking a bit

* core: fix linter

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* all: core: split vm.Config into BlockConfig and TxConfig

* core: core/vm: reset EVM between tx in block instead of creating new

* core/vm: added docs

* core/vm, protocol_params: implement eip-2565 modexp repricing

* core/vm: fix review concerns