* core, trie: decode the value for storage dump

* core/state: address comment

* graphql, internal/ethapi: extend eth_call

This PR offers the third option parameter for eth_call API.
Caller can specify a batch of contracts for overriding the
original account metadata(nonce, balance, code, state).
It has a few advantages:

* It's friendly for debugging
* It's can make on-chain contract lighter for getting rid of
  state access functions

* core, internal: address comments

* core/vm: implement EIP 1344 (ChainID opcode)

* core/vm: formatting

* core/vm, tests: implement EIP 1884, add support for feature-tests

* core/vm: 1884-changes to extcodehash, move selfbalance opcode

* tests: fix statetests

* core/vm: move constants, address review concerns

* core/vm: word formatting

Co-Authored-By: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* core/vm:modify comment errors

* modify its back to it's

* params: add IsIstanbul to config + rules

IstanbulBlock, used to determine if the config IsIstanbul, is currently
left nil until an actual block is chosen.

* params, core/vm: implement EIP-1108

Old gas costs for elliptic curve operations are given the PreIstanbul
prefix, while current gas costs retain the unprefixed names. The actual
precompile implementations are the same, so they are factored out into
common functions that are called by the pre-Istanbul and current
precompile structs. Finally, an Istanbul precompile list is added that
references the new precompile structs, which in turn reference the new
gas costs.

* params: fix fork ordering, add missing chain compatibility check

* params, core/vm: deprecating gastable, part 1

* core/vm, params: deprecate gastable, use both constant and dynamic gas

* core/vm, params: remove gastable, remove copypaste

* core/vm: make use of the chainrules

* interpreter: make tracing count constant+dynamic gas

* core/vm: review concerns (param/method name changes)

* core/vm: make use of chainrules more

* Added missing error checks

Add error handling where we assign err a value, but don't check for it being nil.

* core/rawdb: tiny style nit

No need to convert these types.

* core: fix write coucurrency in txpool

* core: add rlock for pendingState read access

* core: address comments

* eth: chain config (genesis + fork) ENR entry

* core/forkid, eth: protocol independent fork ID, update to CRC32 spec

* core/forkid, eth: make forkid a struct, next uint64, enr struct, RLP

* core/forkid: change forkhash rlp encoding from int to [4]byte

* eth: fixup eth entry a bit and update it every block

* eth: fix lint

* eth: fix crash in ethclient tests

This PR adds some hardening in the lower levels of the protocol stack, to bail early on invalid data. Primarily, attacks that this PR protects against are on the "annoyance"-level, which would otherwise write a couple of megabytes of data into the log output, which is a bit resource intensive.

* core/blockchain: lessen mem-spike during 1.8->1.9 conversion

* core/blockchain.go: make levedb->freezer conversion gradually

* core/blockchain: write the batch

This PR fixes an issue in chain indexer. Currently chain indexer will
validate whether the stored data is canonical by comparing section head
and canonical hash. But the header of the checkpoint may not exist in
the database. We should skip validation for sections below the
checkpoint.

* core: fix chain indexer reorg bug

* core: prevent reverting valid section when reorg happens

* all: implement simple checkpoint syncing

cmd, les, node: remove callback mechanism

cmd, node: remove callback definition

les: simplify the registrar

les: expose checkpoint rpc services in the light client

les, light: don't store untrusted receipt

cmd, contracts, les: discard stale checkpoint

cmd, contracts/registrar: loose restriction of registeration

cmd, contracts: add replay-protection

all: off-chain multi-signature contract

params: deploy checkpoint contract for rinkeby

cmd/registrar: add raw signing mode for registrar

cmd/registrar, contracts/registrar, les: fixed messages

* cmd/registrar, contracts/registrar: fix lints

* accounts/abi/bind, les: address comments

* cmd, contracts, les, light, params: minor checkpoint sync cleanups

* cmd, eth, les, light: move checkpoint config to config file

* cmd, eth, les, params: address comments

* eth, les, params: address comments

* cmd: polish up the checkpoint admin CLI

* cmd, contracts, params: deploy new version contract

* cmd/checkpoint-admin: add another flag for clef mode signing

* cmd, contracts, les: rename and regen checkpoint oracle with abigen

* core/state, cmd/geth: streaming json output dump cmd + optional code+storage

* dump: add option to continue even if preimages are missing

* core, evm: lint nits

* cmd: use local flags for dump, omit empty code/storage

* core/state: fix state dump test

* core: move TxPool reorg and events to background goroutine

This change moves internal queue re-shuffling work in TxPool to a
background goroutine, TxPool.runReorg. Requests to execute runReorg are
accumulated by the new scheduleReorgLoop. The new loop also accumulates
transaction events.

The motivation for this change is making sends to txFeed synchronous
instead of sending them in one-off goroutines launched by 'add' and
'promoteExecutables'. If a downstream consumer of txFeed is blocked for
a while, reorg requests and events will queue up.

* core: remove homestead check in TxPool

This change removes tracking of the homestead block number from TxPool.
The homestead field was used to enforce minimum gas of 53000 for
contract creations after the homestead fork, but not before it. Since
nobody would want configure a non-homestead chain nowadays and contract
creations usually take more than 53000 gas, the extra correctness is
redundant and can be removed.

* core: fixes for review comments

* core: remove BenchmarkPoolInsert

This is useless now because there is no separate code path for
individual transactions anymore.

* core: fix pending counter metric

* core: fix pool tests

* core: dedup txpool announced events, discard stales

* core: reorg tx promotion/demotion to avoid weird pending gaps

* Fix file system access for Windows

* Encapsulate file accesses

* Style fixes

les, les/flowcontrol: implement LES/3

* core: reinit chain from freezer in batches

* core/rawdb: concurrent database reinit from freezer dump

* core/rawdb: reinit from freezer in sequential order

* core, eth: some fixes for freezer

* vendor, core/rawdb, cmd/geth: add db inspector

* core, cmd/utils: check ancient store path forceily

* cmd/geth, common, core/rawdb: a few fixes

* cmd/geth: support windows file rename and fix rename error

* core: support ancient plugin

* core, cmd: streaming file copy

* cmd, consensus, core, tests: keep genesis in leveldb

* core: write txlookup during ancient init

* core: bump database version