* freezer: implement split files for data

* freezer: add tests

* freezer: close old head-file when opening next

* freezer: fix truncation

* freezer: more testing around close/open

* rawdb/freezer: address review concerns

* freezer: fix minor review concerns

* freezer: fix remaining concerns + testcases around truncation

* freezer: docs

* freezer: implement multithreading

* core/rawdb: fix freezer nitpicks + change offsets to uint32

* freezer: preopen files, simplify lock constructs

* freezer: delete files during truncation

* core, eth, trie: bloom filter for trie node dedup during fast sync

* eth/downloader, trie: address review comments

* core, ethdb, trie: restart fast-sync bloom construction now and again

* eth/downloader: initialize fast sync bloom on startup

* eth: reenable eth/62 until we properly remove it

* move error variable to error.go

* Update error.go

Edit "Genesis" to "genesis"

* core: fix import errors on clique crashes + empty blocks

* cosensus/clique, core: add test for the mirrored state issue

* core: address todo question wrt log count

* core: raise a louder warning for non-clique known blocks

* core: import known blocks if they can be inserted as canonical blocks

* core: insert knowns blocks

* core: remove useless

* core: doesn't process head block in reorg function

* core: add tests for canonicality confusion

* core: delete stale future canon number mappings during reorg to shorter+heavier chain

* consensus,core,miner: avoid overhead of creating a new block

* consensus: nitpick dot

* consensus: fix some comment formatting nits

* typo fix

* change to stores

* core: lookup txs by block number instead of block hash

Transaction hashes now store a reference to their corresponding
block number as opposed to their hash. In benchmarks this was
shown to reduce storage by over 12 GB.

The main limitation of this approach is that transactions on
non-canonical blocks could never be looked up, however that is
currently not supported.

The database version has been upgraded to version 5 and the
transaction lookup process is backwards-compatible with the
prior two transaction lookup formats prexisting in the
database instance. Tests have been added to ensure this.

* core/rawdb: tiny review nit fixes

* core/state: fix state iterator

* core: fix state iterator more elegant

This PR makes it easy to generate and execute testcases for VM arithmetic operations. By enabling and running the testcase TestWriteExpectedValues, a set of json files are created which contain input and output for each arith operation.
The test TestJsonTestcases executes all of those tests.

While meaningless as is, this PR makes it less risky to make changes (optimizations) to the vm operations, since there will be a larger body of testcases.

* all: simplify timestamps to uint64

* tests: update definitions

* clef, faucet, mobile: leftover uint64 fixups

* ethash: fix tests

* graphql: update schema for timestamp

* ethash: remove unused variable

previous overflow condition is too big to use.
0x7FFFFFFFF squre operation is overflowed uint64.

0x7FFFFFFFF^2 = 0x3F FFFF FFF0 0000 0001

Solves #15210 without changing consensus, in a backwards compatible way,
by adding tx inclusion information to the Receipt struct.

This PR is a more advanced form of the dirty-to-clean cacher (#18995),
where we reuse previous database write batches as datasets to uncache,
saving a dirty-trie-iteration and a dirty-trie-rlp-reencoding per block.

* core: split out detailed trie access metrics from insertion time

* cmd, core, metrics: support expensive optional metrics

* cmd, core, eth, trie: get rid of trie cache generations

* core, trie: get rid of remainder of cache gen boilerplate

* core/vm: remove function call for stack validation from evm runloop

* core/vm: separate gas  calc into static + dynamic

* core/vm: optimize push1

* core/vm: reuse pooled bigints for ADDRESS, ORIGIN and CALLER

* core/vm: use generic error message for jump/jumpi, to avoid string interpolation

* testdata: fix tests for new error message

* core/vm: use 64-bit memory calculations

* core/vm: fix error in memory calculation

* core/vm: address review concerns

* core/vm: avoid unnecessary use of big.Int:BitLen()