eth/downloader: fix a data race in a log output

cmd/geth, code, eth/downloader: tune import logs and mem stats

cmd/geth, trie: report on trie cache unloads, also add debug log

cmd, core/state: allow configurable trie cache generations

core/vm: fix GASPRICE string (resolves #2553)

trie: improve cache unloading mechanism

cmd/geth, trie: track and report trie cache misses

The pending state was not copied while not mining, leading to a data race.

core: Add block processing time metric collection

cmd/geth: compact and print database stats after an import

common, core, eth/downloader: adjust import log formatting

This was caught by the new invariant check.

Commit 40cdcf11 broke the optimisation which kept nodes resolved
during Get in the trie. The decoder assigned cache generation 0
unconditionally, causing resolved nodes to get flushed on Commit.

This commit fixes it and adds two tests.

New checks whether the root node is present by loading it from the
database. Keep the node around instead of discarding it.

	internal/ethapi, internal/web3ext: adds raw tx retrieval methods

trie: fix regression that linked all downloaded nodes together

params: set reprice block number to 2463000

The trie sync code links subtries using pointers into node structs.
Since commit 40cdcf11 nodes are no longer copied when unpacking from
an interface value, causing all nodes to get linked up as the sync
progresses. Fix it by breaking the pointer chain with an explicit copy.

core, core/vm: added gas price variance table (EIP #150)

core: add global (soft) limits on the pending transactions

This implements 1b & 1c of EIP150 by adding a new GasTable which must be
returned from the RuleSet config method. This table is used to determine
the gas prices for the current epoch.

Please note that when the CreateBySuicide gas price is set it is assumed
that we're in the new epoch phase.

In addition this PR will serve as temporary basis while refactorisation
in being done in the EVM64 PR, which will substentially overhaul the gas
price code.

* trie: store nodes as pointers

This avoids memory copies when unwrapping node interface values.

name      old time/op  new time/op  delta
Get        388ns ± 8%   215ns ± 2%  -44.56%  (p=0.000 n=15+15)
GetDB      363ns ± 3%   202ns ± 2%  -44.21%  (p=0.000 n=15+15)
UpdateBE  1.57µs ± 2%  1.29µs ± 3%  -17.80%  (p=0.000 n=13+15)
UpdateLE  1.92µs ± 2%  1.61µs ± 2%  -16.25%  (p=0.000 n=14+14)
HashBE    2.16µs ± 6%  2.18µs ± 6%     ~     (p=0.436 n=15+15)
HashLE    7.43µs ± 3%  7.21µs ± 3%   -2.96%  (p=0.000 n=15+13)

* trie: close temporary databases in GetDB benchmark

* trie: don't keep []byte from DB load around

Nodes decoded from a DB load kept hashes and values as sub-slices of
the DB value. This can be a problem because loading from leveldb often
returns []byte with a cap that's larger than necessary, increasing
memory usage.

* trie: unload old cached nodes

* trie, core/state: use cache unloading for account trie

* trie: use explicit private flags (fixes Go 1.5 reflection issue).

* trie: fixup cachegen overflow at request of nick

* core/state: rename journal size constant

metrics, internal/debug: Add --pprofaddr flag, expose metrics via gexp

swarm: fix http API's last problems

swarm/storage: Allow EOF at the end of the reader in the chunker. Handle the case when Read returns less than length of target slice