This adds support for EIP-2718 typed transactions as well as EIP-2930
access list transactions (tx type 1). These EIPs are scheduled for the
Berlin fork.

There very few changes to existing APIs in core/types, and several new APIs
to deal with access list transactions. In particular, there are two new
constructor functions for transactions: types.NewTx and types.SignNewTx.
Since the canonical encoding of typed transactions is not RLP-compatible,
Transaction now has new methods for encoding and decoding: MarshalBinary
and UnmarshalBinary.

The existing EIP-155 signer does not support the new transaction types.
All code dealing with transaction signatures should be updated to use the
newer EIP-2930 signer. To make this easier for future updates, we have
added new constructor functions for types.Signer: types.LatestSigner and
types.LatestSignerForChainID. 

This change also adds support for the YoloV3 testnet.

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Co-authored-by: Ryan Schneider <ryanleeschneider@gmail.com>

* cmd, core, tests: initial state pruner

core: fix db inspector

cmd/geth: add verify-state

cmd/geth: add verification tool

core/rawdb: implement flatdb

cmd, core: fix rebase

core/state: use new contract code layout

core/state/pruner: avoid deleting genesis state

cmd/geth: add helper function

core, cmd: fix extract genesis

core: minor fixes

contracts: remove useless

core/state/snapshot: plugin stacktrie

core: polish

core/state/snapshot: iterate storage concurrently

core/state/snapshot: fix iteration

core: add comments

core/state/snapshot: polish code

core/state: polish

core/state/snapshot: rebase

core/rawdb: add comments

core/rawdb: fix tests

core/rawdb: improve tests

core/state/snapshot: fix concurrent iteration

core/state: run pruning during the recovery

core, trie: implement martin's idea

core, eth: delete flatdb and polish pruner

trie: fix import

core/state/pruner: add log

core/state/pruner: fix issues

core/state/pruner: don't read back

core/state/pruner: fix contract code write

core/state/pruner: check root node presence

cmd, core: polish log

core/state: use HEAD-127 as the target

core/state/snapshot: improve tests

cmd/geth: fix verification tool

cmd/geth: use HEAD as the verification default target

all: replace the bloomfilter with martin's fork

cmd, core: polish code

core, cmd: forcibly delete state root

core/state/pruner: add hash64

core/state/pruner: fix blacklist

core/state: remove blacklist

cmd, core: delete trie clean cache before pruning

cmd, core: fix lint

cmd, core: fix rebase

core/state: fix the special case for clique networks

core/state/snapshot: remove useless code

core/state/pruner: capping the snapshot after pruning

cmd, core, eth: fixes

core/rawdb: update db inspector

cmd/geth: polish code

core/state/pruner: fsync bloom filter

cmd, core: print warning log

core/state/pruner: adjust the parameters for bloom filter

cmd, core: create the bloom filter by size

core: polish

core/state/pruner: sanitize invalid bloomfilter size

cmd: address comments

cmd/geth: address comments

cmd/geth: address comment

core/state/pruner: address comments

core/state/pruner: rename homedir to datadir

cmd, core: address comments

core/state/pruner: address comment

core/state: address comments

core, cmd, tests: address comments

core: address comments

core/state/pruner: release the iterator after each commit

core/state/pruner: improve pruner

cmd, core: adjust bloom paramters

core/state/pruner: fix lint

core/state/pruner: fix tests

core: fix rebase

core/state/pruner: remove atomic rename

core/state/pruner: address comments

all: run go mod tidy

core/state/pruner: avoid false-positive for the middle state roots

core/state/pruner: add checks for middle roots

cmd/geth: replace crit with error

* core/state/pruner: fix lint

* core: drop legacy bloom filter

* core/state/snapshot: improve pruner

* core/state/snapshot: polish concurrent logs to report ETA vs. hashes

* core/state/pruner: add progress report for pruning and compaction too

* core: fix snapshot test API

* core/state: fix some pruning logs

* core/state/pruner: support recovering from bloom flush fail

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* remove uneeded convertion type

* remove redundant type in composite literal

* omit explicit type where implicit

* remove unused redundant parenthesis

* remove redundant import alias duktape

Fixes a special case when the trie only has a single trie node and the range proof only contains a single element.

* deps: use improved bloom filter implementation

* eth/handler, trie: use 4 keys for syncbloom + minor fixes

* eth/protocols, trie: revert change on syncbloom method signature

This commit splits the eth package, separating the handling of eth and snap protocols. It also includes the capability to run snap sync (https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md

) , but does not enable it by default. 

Co-authored-by: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

This commit fixes a flaw in two testcases, and brings down the exec-time from ~40s to ~8s for trie/TestIncompleteSync.

The checkConsistency was performed over and over again on the complete set of nodes, not just the recently added, turning it into a quadratic runtime.

Changes:

    Simplify nested complexity
    If an if blocks ends with a return statement then remove the else nesting.

Most of the changes has also been reported in golint https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum#golint

* trie: fix tests to work on 32-bit systems

* les: make test work on 32-bit platform

* cmd/geth: fix windows-issues on tests

* trie: improve balance

* cmd/geth: make account tests less verbose + less mem intense

* rpc: make debug-level log output less verbose

* cmd/geth: lint

* cmd, core, eth, light, trie: disable recording preimage by default

* core, eth: fix unit tests

* core: fix import

* all: change to nopreimage

* cmd, core, eth, trie: use cache.preimages flag

* cmd: enable preimages for archive node

* cmd/utils, trie: simplify preimage tracking a bit

* core: fix linter

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* trie: fix error in stacktrie not committing small roots

* fuzzers: make trie-fuzzer use correct returnvalues

* trie: improved tests

* tests/fuzzers: fuzzer for stacktrie vs regular trie

* test/fuzzers: make stacktrie fuzzer use 32-byte keys

* trie: fix error in stacktrie with small nodes

* trie: add (skipped) testcase for stacktrie

* tests/fuzzers: address review comments for stacktrie fuzzer

* trie: fix docs in stacktrie

* trie: polish commit function

* trie: fix typo

* trie: update tests to check commit integrity

* trie: polish committer

* trie: fix typo

* trie: remove hasvalue notion

According to the benchmarks, type assertion between the pointer and
interface is extremely fast.

BenchmarkIntmethod-12           1000000000               1.91 ns/op
BenchmarkInterface-12           1000000000               2.13 ns/op
BenchmarkTypeSwitch-12          1000000000               1.81 ns/op
BenchmarkTypeAssertion-12       2000000000               1.78 ns/op

So the overhead for asserting whether the shortnode has "valuenode"
child is super tiny. No necessary to have another field.

* trie: linter nitpicks

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

core/types: use stacktrie for derivesha

trie: add stacktrie file

trie: fix linter

core/types: use stacktrie for derivesha

rebased: adapt stacktrie to the newer version of DeriveSha

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

More linter fixes

review feedback: no key offset for nodes converted to hashes

trie: use EncodeRLP for full nodes

core/types: insert txs in order in derivesha

trie: tests for derivesha with stacktrie

trie: make stacktrie use pooled hashers

trie: make stacktrie reuse tmp slice space

trie: minor polishes on stacktrie

trie/stacktrie: less rlp dancing

core/types: explain the contorsions in DeriveSha

ci: fix goimport errors

trie: clear mem on subtrie hashing

squashme: linter fix

stracktrie: use pooling, less allocs (#3)

trie: in-place hex prefix, reduce allocs and add rawNode.EncodeRLP

Reintroduce the `[]node` method, add the missing `EncodeRLP` implementation for `rawNode` and calculate the hex prefix in place.

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

* trie: support non-existent right proof

* trie: improve test

* trie: minor linter fix

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* core: define and test chain reparation cornercases

* core: write up a variety of set-head tests

* core, eth: unify chain rollbacks, handle all the cases

* core: make linter smile

* core: remove commented out legacy code

* core, eth/downloader: fix review comments

* core: revert a removed recovery mechanism

* cmd, core, eth, light, trie: dump clean cache periodically

* eth: update config

* trie: minor fix

* core, trie: address comments

* eth: remove useless

* trie: print clean cache dump start too

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* core/vm/runtime/tests: add more benchmarks

* core/vm: initial work on improving alloc count for calls to precompiles

name                                  old time/op    new time/op    delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6     117ms ±75%      43ms ± 1%  -63.09%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   79.6ms ± 4%    70.5ms ± 1%  -11.42%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

name                                  old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6    24.4MB ± 0%     4.9MB ± 0%  -79.94%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   13.2kB ± 0%    13.2kB ± 0%     ~     (p=0.357 n=5+5)

name                                  old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6      382k ± 0%      153k ± 0%  -59.99%  (p=0.000 n=5+4)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                     40.0 ± 0%      40.0 ± 0%     ~     (all equal)

* core/vm: don't allocate big.int for touch

name                                  old time/op    new time/op    delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6    43.3ms ± 1%    42.4ms ± 7%     ~     (p=0.151 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   70.5ms ± 1%    76.7ms ± 1%   +8.67%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

name                                  old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6    4.90MB ± 0%    2.46MB ± 0%  -49.83%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   13.2kB ± 0%    13.2kB ± 1%     ~     (p=0.571 n=5+5)

name                                  old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6      153k ± 0%       76k ± 0%  -49.98%  (p=0.029 n=4+4)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                     40.0 ± 0%      40.0 ± 0%     ~     (all equal)

* core/vm: reduce allocs in staticcall

name                                  old time/op    new time/op    delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6    42.4ms ± 7%    37.5ms ± 6%  -11.68%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   76.7ms ± 1%    69.1ms ± 1%   -9.82%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

name                                  old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6    2.46MB ± 0%    0.02MB ± 0%  -99.35%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   13.2kB ± 1%    13.2kB ± 0%     ~     (p=0.143 n=5+5)

name                                  old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6     76.4k ± 0%      0.1k ± 0%     ~     (p=0.079 n=4+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                     40.0 ± 0%      40.0 ± 0%     ~     (all equal)

* trie: better use of hasher keccakState

* core/state/statedb: reduce allocations in getDeletedStateObject

* core/vm: reduce allocations in all call derivates

* core/vm: reduce allocations in call variants

- Make returnstack `uint32`
- Use a `sync.Pool` of `stack`s

* core/vm: fix tests

* core/vm: goimports

* core/vm: tracer fix + staticcall gas fix

* core/vm: add back snapshot to staticcall

* core/vm: review concerns + make returnstack pooled + enable returndata in traces

* core/vm: fix some test tracer method signatures

* core/vm: run gencodec, minor comment polish

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

This change introduces garbage collection for the light client. Historical
chain data is deleted periodically. If you want to disable the GC, use
the --light.nopruning flag.

* core, crypto: various allocation savings regarding tx handling

* core: reduce allocs for gas price comparison

This change reduces the allocations needed for comparing different transactions to each other.
A call to `tx.GasPrice()` copies the gas price as it has to be safe against modifications and
also needs to be threadsafe. For comparing and ordering different transactions we don't need
these guarantees

* core: added tx.GasPriceIntCmp for comparison without allocation

adds a method to remove unneeded allocation in comparison to tx.gasPrice

* core/types: pool legacykeccak256 objects in rlpHash

rlpHash is by far the most used function in core that allocates a legacyKeccak256 object on each call.
Since it is so widely used it makes sense to add pooling here so we relieve the GC.
On my machine these changes result in > 100 MILLION less allocations and > 30 GB less allocated memory.

* reverted some changes

* reverted some changes

* trie: use crypto.KeccakState instead of replicating code

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

* trie: add hasRightElement indicator

* trie: ensure the range is monotonic increasing

* trie: address comment and fix lint

* trie: address comment

* trie: make linter happy

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* trie: fix for range proof

* trie: fix typo

* trie: implement range proof with non-existent edge proof

* trie: fix cornercase

* trie: consider empty range

* trie: add singleSide test

* trie: support all-elements range proof

* trie: fix typo

* trie: tiny typos and formulations

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* trie: initial implementation for range proof

* trie: add benchmark

* trie: fix lint

* trie: fix minor issue

* trie: unset the edge valuenode as well

* trie: unset the edge valuenode as nilValuenode

* core/state/snapshot: start fixing disk iterator seek

* ethdb, rawdb, leveldb, memorydb: implement iterators with prefix and start

* les, core/state/snapshot: iterator fixes

* all: remove two iterator methods

* all: rename Iteratee.NewIteratorWith -> NewIterator

* ethdb: fix review concerns