This commit changes the behavior of BitCurve.Add to be more inline
with btcd. It fixes two different bugs:

1) When adding a point at infinity to another point, the other point
   should be returned. While this is undefined behavior, it is better
   to be more inline with the go standard library.
   Thus (0,0) + (a, b) = (a,b)

2) Adding the same point to itself produced the point at infinity.
   This is incorrect, now doubleJacobian is used to correctly calculate it.
   Thus (a,b) + (a,b) == 2* (a,b) and not (0,0) anymore.

The change also adds a differential fuzzer for Add, testing it against btcd.

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

This change significantly improves the performance of RLPx message reads
and writes. In the previous implementation, reading and writing of
message frames performed multiple reads and writes on the underlying
network connection, and allocated a new []byte buffer for every read.

In the new implementation, reads and writes re-use buffers, and perform
much fewer system calls on the underlying connection. This doubles the
theoretically achievable throughput on a single connection, as shown by
the benchmark result:

    name             old speed      new speed       delta
    Throughput-8     70.3MB/s ± 0%  155.4MB/s ± 0%  +121.11%  (p=0.000 n=9+8)

The change also removes support for the legacy, pre-EIP-8 handshake encoding.
As of May 2021, no actively maintained client sends this format.

* cmd/utils: avoid 1Gb alloc in --dev mode

* cmd/geth: avoid 512Mb alloc in genesis query tests

Trivial but helpful to understanding.

* core/state/snapshot: fix flaky tests

* core/state/snapshot: fix tests

Fixes the case (example below) where the value passed
to --ethstats flag would be parsed wrongly because the
node name and/or password value contained the special
characters '@' or ':'

    --ethstats "ETC Labs Metrics @meowsbits":mypass@ws://mordor.dash.fault.dev:3000

This PR refactors the eth test suite to make it more readable and
easier to use. Some notable differences:

- A new file helpers.go stores all of the methods used between
  both eth66 and eth65 and below tests, as well as methods shared
  among many test functions.
- suite.go now contains all of the test functions for both eth65
  tests and eth66 tests.
- The utesting.T object doesn't get passed through to other helper methods,
  but is instead only used within the scope of the test function,
  whereas helper methods return errors, so only the test function
  itself can fatal out in the case of an error.
- The full test suite now only takes 13.5 seconds to run.

There were 2 TODOs about that fix after Golang 1.8 release.
It's here for 3 years already, so now should be the right time.

Fixes #21476

There are two transaction parameter structures defined in
the codebase, although for different purposes. But most of
the parameters are shared. So it's nice to reduce the code
duplication by merging them together.

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

This removes the error log message that says 

    Ethereum peer removal failed ... err="peer not registered"

The error happened because removePeer was called multiple
times: once to disconnect the peer, and another time when the
handler exited. With this change, removePeer now has the sole
purpose of disconnecting the peer. Unregistering happens exactly
once, when the handler exits.

This change grows the static integer buffer in Stream to 32 bytes,
making it possible to decode 256bit integers without allocating a
temporary buffer.

In the recent commit 088da24e, Stream struct size decreased from 120
bytes down to 88 bytes. This commit grows the struct to 112 bytes again,
but the size change will not degrade performance because Stream
instances are internally cached in sync.Pool.

    name             old time/op    new time/op    delta
    DecodeBigInts-8    12.2µs ± 0%     8.6µs ± 4%  -29.58%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)

    name             old speed      new speed      delta
    DecodeBigInts-8   230MB/s ± 0%   326MB/s ± 4%  +42.04%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)

This change improves the performance of encoding/decoding [N]byte.

    name                     old time/op    new time/op    delta
    DecodeByteArrayStruct-8     336ns ± 0%     246ns ± 0%  -26.98%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
    EncodeByteArrayStruct-8     225ns ± 1%     148ns ± 1%  -34.12%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

    name                     old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
    DecodeByteArrayStruct-8      120B ± 0%       48B ± 0%  -60.00%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    EncodeByteArrayStruct-8     0.00B          0.00B          ~     (all equal)

All encoding/decoding operations read the type cache to find the
writer/decoder function responsible for a type. When analyzing CPU
profiles of geth during sync, I found that the use of sync.RWMutex in
cache lookups appears in the profiles. It seems we are running into
CPU cache contention problems when package rlp is heavily used
on all CPU cores during sync.

This change makes it use atomic.Value + a writer lock instead of
sync.RWMutex. In the common case where the typeinfo entry is present in
the cache, we simply fetch the map and lookup the type.

This PR updates the miner stress tests and moves them to standalone
packages, so that they can be run directly.

les: generate random nums directly, not via strange conversions

* core/types, miner: create TxWithMinerFee wrapper, add EIP-1559 support to TransactionsByMinerFeeAndNonce

miner: set base fee when creating a new header, handle gas limit, log miner fees

* all: rename to NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce

* core/types, miner: rename to NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce + EffectiveTip

miner: activate 1559 for testGenerateBlockAndImport tests

* core,miner: revert naming to TransactionsByPriceAndTime

* core/types/transaction: update effective tip calculation logic

* miner: update aleut to london

* core/types/transaction_test: use correct signer for 1559 txs + add back sender check

* miner/worker: calculate gas target from gas limit

* core, miner: fix block  gas limits for 1559

Co-authored-by: Ansgar Dietrichs <adietrichs@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: lightclient@protonmail.com <lightclient@protonmail.com>

This change extracts the peer QoS tracking logic from eth/downloader, moving
it into the new package p2p/msgrate. The job of msgrate.Tracker is determining
suitable timeout values and request sizes per peer.

The snap sync scheduler now uses msgrate.Tracker instead of the hard-coded 15s
timeout. This should make the sync work better on network links with high latency.

This commit makes various cleanup changes to rlp.Stream.

* rlp: shrink Stream struct

This removes a lot of unused padding space in Stream by reordering the
fields. The size of Stream changes from 120 bytes to 88 bytes. Stream
instances are internally cached and reused using sync.Pool, so this does
not improve performance.

* rlp: simplify list stack

The list stack kept track of the size of the current list context as
well as the current offset into it. The size had to be stored in the
stack in order to subtract it from the remaining bytes of any enclosing
list in ListEnd. It seems that this can be implemented in a simpler
way: just subtract the size from the enclosing list context in List instead.

This changes the definitions of Ping and Pong, adding an optional field
for the sequence number. This field was previously encoded/decoded using
the "tail" struct tag, but using "optional" is much nicer.

* forkid: added failing test

* forkid: fixed off-by-one bug

This PR fixes two errors that regressed when EIP-1559 was merged.

This is the initial implementation of EIP-1559 in packages core/types and core.
Mining, RPC, etc. will be added in subsequent commits.

Co-authored-by: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Co-authored-by: lightclient@protonmail.com <lightclient@protonmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

* cmd/evm: return json error if unmarshalling from stdin fails

* cmd/evm: make error capitalizations uniform (all lowercase starts)

* cmd/evm: capitalize error sent directly to stderror

* cmd/geth, eth, core: snapshot dump + unify with trie dump

* cmd/evm: dump API fixes

* cmd/geth, core, eth: fix some remaining errors

* cmd/evm: dump - add limit, support address startkey, address review concerns

* cmd, core/state, eth: minor polishes, fix snap dump crash, unify format

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

consensus/ethash: implement EIP-3554 (bomb delay)

* Ensure state could be created in ToBlock

* Fix rebase errors

* use a panic instead

eth/tracers: do the JSON serialization via .js to capture C faults