* cmd, core, eth, trie: get rid of trie cache generations

* core, trie: get rid of remainder of cache gen boilerplate

This implements EIP-695.

* cmd, eth, miner: make recommit configurable

* cmd, eth, les, miner: polish a bit

* miner: filter duplicate sealing work

* cmd: remove uncessary conversion

* miner: avoid microptimization in favor of cleaner code

* consensus/ethash: start remote ggoroutine to handle remote mining

* consensus/ethash: expose remote miner api

* consensus/ethash: expose submitHashrate api

* miner, ethash: push empty block to sealer without waiting execution

* consensus, internal: add getHashrate API for ethash

* consensus: add three method for consensus interface

* miner: expose consensus engine running status to miner

* eth, miner: specify etherbase when miner created

* miner: commit new work when consensus engine is started

* consensus, miner: fix some logics

* all: delete useless interfaces

* consensus: polish a bit

* eth: made changes to conform better to the golint standards

* eth: fix comment nit

* core: improve getBadBlocks to return full block rlp

* core, eth, ethapi: changes to getBadBlocks formatting

* ethapi: address review concerns

This commit reduces database I/O by not writing every state trie to disk.

* cmd, core, eth/tracers: support fancier js tracing

* eth, internal/web3ext: rework trace API, concurrency, chain tracing

* eth/tracers: add three more JavaScript tracers

* eth/tracers, vendor: swap ottovm to duktape for tracing

* core, eth, internal: finalize call tracer and needed extras

* eth, tests: prestate tracer, call test suite, rewinding

* vendor: fix windows builds for tracer js engine

* vendor: temporary duktape fix

* eth/tracers: fix up 4byte and evmdis tracer

* vendor: pull in latest duktape with my upstream fixes

* eth: fix some review comments

* eth: rename rewind to reexec to make it more obvious

* core/vm: terminate tracing using defers

Fixes #15196

* eth, internal: Implement  using trie diffs

* eth, internal: Changes in response to review

* eth: More fixes to getModifiedAccountsBy*

* eth: minor polishes on error capitalization

* ethdb: add Putter interface and Has method

* ethdb: improve docs and add IdealBatchSize

* ethdb: remove memory batch lock

Batches are not safe for concurrent use.

* core: use ethdb.Putter for Write* functions

This covers the easy cases.

* core/state: simplify StateSync

* trie: optimize local node check

* ethdb: add ValueSize to Batch

* core: optimize HasHeader check

This avoids one random database read get the block number. For many uses
of HasHeader, the expectation is that it's actually there. Using Has
avoids a load + decode of the value.

* core: write fast sync block data in batches

Collect writes into batches up to the ideal size instead of issuing many
small, concurrent writes.

* eth/downloader: commit larger state batches

Collect nodes into a batch up to the ideal size instead of committing
whenever a node is received.

* core: optimize HasBlock check

This avoids a random database read to get the number.

* core: use numberCache in HasHeader

numberCache has higher capacity, increasing the odds of finding the
header without a database lookup.

* core: write imported block data using a batch

Restore batch writes of state and add blocks, tx entries, receipts to
the same batch. The change also simplifies the miner.

This commit also removes posting of logs when a forked block is imported.

* core: fix DB write error handling

* ethdb: use RLock for Has

* core: fix HasBlock comment

With this commit, core/state's access to the underlying key/value database is
mediated through an interface. Database errors are tracked in StateDB and
returned by CommitTo or the new Error method.

Motivation for this change: We can remove the light client's duplicated copy of
core/state. The light client now supports node iteration, so tracing and storage
enumeration can work with the light client (not implemented in this commit).

* consensus, core, ethstats: use engine specific block beneficiary

* core, eth, les, miner: use explicit beneficiary during mining

* debug: Converted uint64-blocknumber into rpc.Blocknumber

* api/debug: Fix pending block issues in DumpBlock

This commit adds pluggable consensus engines to go-ethereum. In short, it
introduces a generic consensus interface, and refactors the entire codebase to
use this interface.

There is no need to depend on the old context package now that the
minimum Go version is 1.7. The move to "context" eliminates our weird
vendoring setup. Some vendored code still uses golang.org/x/net/context
and it is now vendored in the normal way.

This change triggered new vet checks around context.WithTimeout which
didn't fire with golang.org/x/net/context.

* accounts, cmd, eth, ethdb: port logs over to new system

* ethdb: drop concept of cache distribution between dbs

* eth: fix some log nitpicks to make them nicer

* core,eth,internal: Added `debug_getBadBlocks()` method

When bad blocks are discovered, these are stored within geth.
An RPC-endpoint makes them availablewithin the `debug`
namespace. This feature makes it easier to discover network forks.

```

* core, api: go format + docs

* core/blockchain: Documentation, fix minor nitpick

* core: fix failing blockchain test

The run loop, which previously contained custom opcode executes have been
removed and has been simplified to a few checks.

Each operation consists of 4 elements: execution function, gas cost function,
stack validation function and memory size function. The execution function
implements the operation's runtime behaviour, the gas cost function implements
the operation gas costs function and greatly depends on the memory and stack,
the stack validation function validates the stack and makes sure that enough
items can be popped off and pushed on and the memory size function calculates
the memory required for the operation and returns it.

This commit also allows the EVM to go unmetered. This is helpful for offline
operations such as contract calls.