* Fix potential nil pointer error when neither block number nor hash is specified to accountRange

* Update error description

* eth/downloader: fix data race around the ancientlimit

* eth/downloader: initialize the ancientlimit as 0

core/types: use stacktrie for derivesha

trie: add stacktrie file

trie: fix linter

core/types: use stacktrie for derivesha

rebased: adapt stacktrie to the newer version of DeriveSha

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

More linter fixes

review feedback: no key offset for nodes converted to hashes

trie: use EncodeRLP for full nodes

core/types: insert txs in order in derivesha

trie: tests for derivesha with stacktrie

trie: make stacktrie use pooled hashers

trie: make stacktrie reuse tmp slice space

trie: minor polishes on stacktrie

trie/stacktrie: less rlp dancing

core/types: explain the contorsions in DeriveSha

ci: fix goimport errors

trie: clear mem on subtrie hashing

squashme: linter fix

stracktrie: use pooling, less allocs (#3)

trie: in-place hex prefix, reduce allocs and add rawNode.EncodeRLP

Reintroduce the `[]node` method, add the missing `EncodeRLP` implementation for `rawNode` and calculate the hex prefix in place.

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

This change adds a test framework for the "eth" protocol and some basic
tests. The tests can be run using the './devp2p rlpx eth-test' command.

* cmd, eth: offer maxprice flag for overwritting price cap

* eth: rename default price cap

* eth: Added TraceTransactionPending

* eth: Implement Trace_Call, remove traceTxPending

* eth: debug_call -> debug_traceCall, recompute tx environment if pruned

* eth: fix nil panic

* eth: improve block retrieving logic in tracers

* internal/web3ext: add debug_traceCall to console

This changes how the downloader works, a little bit. Previously, when block sync started,
we immediately started filling up to 8192 blocks. Usually this is fine, blocks are small
in the early numbers. The threshold then is lowered as we measure the size of the blocks
that are filled.

However, if the node is shut down and restarts syncing while we're in a heavy segment,
that might be bad. This PR introduces a more conservative initial threshold of 2K blocks
instead.

* "Downloader queue stats" is now a DEBUG information

I think this info is more a DEBUG related information then an INFO. If it must remains an INFO, maybe it can be slow down to one time every 5 minutes or so.

* Update queue.go

"Downloader queue stats" information is now provided once every minute instead of once every 10 seconds.

* tests: add testdata of call tracer

* eth/tracers: return revert reason in call_tracer

* eth/tracers: regenerate assets

* eth/tracers: add error message even if no exec occurrs, fixes #21438

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

* eth/downloader, eth/handler: utilize sync bloom for getNodeData

* trie: handle if bloom is nil

* trie, downloader: check bloom nilness externally

* core: define and test chain reparation cornercases

* core: write up a variety of set-head tests

* core, eth: unify chain rollbacks, handle all the cases

* core: make linter smile

* core: remove commented out legacy code

* core, eth/downloader: fix review comments

* core: revert a removed recovery mechanism

* cmd/utils: grant snapshot cache to trie if disabled

* eth: fix up default non-mainnet cache distribution

* eth65 tests

linted

* remove non-latest eth light tests

This PR significantly changes the APIs for instantiating Ethereum nodes in
a Go program. The new APIs are not backwards-compatible, but we feel that
this is made up for by the much simpler way of registering services on
node.Node. You can find more information and rationale in the design
document: https://gist.github.com/renaynay/5bec2de19fde66f4d04c535fd24f0775.

There is also a new feature in Node's Go API: it is now possible to
register arbitrary handlers on the user-facing HTTP server. In geth, this
facility is used to enable GraphQL.

There is a single minor change relevant for geth users in this PR: The
GraphQL API is no longer available separately from the JSON-RPC HTTP
server. If you want GraphQL, you need to enable it using the
./geth --http --graphql flag combination.

The --graphql.port and --graphql.addr flags are no longer available.

* init

notes

removed some mentions of eth62, bumped protocol err too old to >=63

* remove sanity checks and bump supported protocol version up to 63

* remove 62 tests, still need to add 65

* remove 65 tests

* cmd, consensus, eth, les: implement light fetcher

* les: address comment

* les: address comment

* les: address comments

* les: check td after delivery

* les: add linearExpiredValue for error counter

* les: fix import

* les: fix dead lock

* les: order announces by td

* les: encapsulate invalid counter

* les: address comment

* les: add more checks during the delivery

* les: fix log

* eth, les: fix lint

* eth/fetcher: address comment

* cmd, core, eth, light, trie: dump clean cache periodically

* eth: update config

* trie: minor fix

* core, trie: address comments

* eth: remove useless

* trie: print clean cache dump start too

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* eth/downloader: refactor downloader + queue

downloader, fetcher: throttle-metrics, fetcher filter improvements, standalone resultcache

downloader: more accurate deliverytime calculation, less mem overhead in state requests

downloader/queue: increase underlying buffer of results, new throttle mechanism

eth/downloader: updates to tests

eth/downloader: fix up some review concerns

eth/downloader/queue: minor fixes

eth/downloader: minor fixes after review call

eth/downloader: testcases for queue.go

eth/downloader: minor change, don't set progress unless progress...

eth/downloader: fix flaw which prevented useless peers from being dropped

eth/downloader: try to fix tests

eth/downloader: verify non-deliveries against advertised remote head

eth/downloader: fix flaw with checking closed-status causing hang

eth/downloader: hashing avoidance

eth/downloader: review concerns + simplify resultcache and queue

eth/downloader: add back some locks, address review concerns

downloader/queue: fix remaining lock flaw

* eth/downloader: nitpick fixes

* eth/downloader: remove the *2*3/4 throttling threshold dance

* eth/downloader: print correct throttle threshold in stats

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

* core/vm/runtime/tests: add more benchmarks

* core/vm: initial work on improving alloc count for calls to precompiles

name                                  old time/op    new time/op    delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6     117ms ±75%      43ms ± 1%  -63.09%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   79.6ms ± 4%    70.5ms ± 1%  -11.42%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

name                                  old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6    24.4MB ± 0%     4.9MB ± 0%  -79.94%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   13.2kB ± 0%    13.2kB ± 0%     ~     (p=0.357 n=5+5)

name                                  old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6      382k ± 0%      153k ± 0%  -59.99%  (p=0.000 n=5+4)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                     40.0 ± 0%      40.0 ± 0%     ~     (all equal)

* core/vm: don't allocate big.int for touch

name                                  old time/op    new time/op    delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6    43.3ms ± 1%    42.4ms ± 7%     ~     (p=0.151 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   70.5ms ± 1%    76.7ms ± 1%   +8.67%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

name                                  old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6    4.90MB ± 0%    2.46MB ± 0%  -49.83%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   13.2kB ± 0%    13.2kB ± 1%     ~     (p=0.571 n=5+5)

name                                  old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6      153k ± 0%       76k ± 0%  -49.98%  (p=0.029 n=4+4)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                     40.0 ± 0%      40.0 ± 0%     ~     (all equal)

* core/vm: reduce allocs in staticcall

name                                  old time/op    new time/op    delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6    42.4ms ± 7%    37.5ms ± 6%  -11.68%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   76.7ms ± 1%    69.1ms ± 1%   -9.82%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

name                                  old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6    2.46MB ± 0%    0.02MB ± 0%  -99.35%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                   13.2kB ± 1%    13.2kB ± 0%     ~     (p=0.143 n=5+5)

name                                  old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
SimpleLoop/identity-precompile-10M-6     76.4k ± 0%      0.1k ± 0%     ~     (p=0.079 n=4+5)
SimpleLoop/loop-10M-6                     40.0 ± 0%      40.0 ± 0%     ~     (all equal)

* trie: better use of hasher keccakState

* core/state/statedb: reduce allocations in getDeletedStateObject

* core/vm: reduce allocations in all call derivates

* core/vm: reduce allocations in call variants

- Make returnstack `uint32`
- Use a `sync.Pool` of `stack`s

* core/vm: fix tests

* core/vm: goimports

* core/vm: tracer fix + staticcall gas fix

* core/vm: add back snapshot to staticcall

* core/vm: review concerns + make returnstack pooled + enable returndata in traces

* core/vm: fix some test tracer method signatures

* core/vm: run gencodec, minor comment polish

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

This change introduces garbage collection for the light client. Historical
chain data is deleted periodically. If you want to disable the GC, use
the --light.nopruning flag.

This fixes two issues with state sync restarts:

When sync restarts with a new root, some peers can have in-flight requests.
Since all peers with active requests were marked idle when exiting sync,
the new sync would schedule more requests for those peers. When the
response for the earlier request arrived, the new sync would reject it and
mark the peer idle again, rendering the peer useless until it disconnected.

The other issue was that peers would not be marked idle when they had
delivered a response, but the response hadn't been processed before
restarting the state sync. This also made the peer useless because it
would be permanently marked busy.

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

This PR reduces the bandwidth used by the light client to compute the
recommended gas price. The current mechanism for suggesting the price is:

- retrieve recent 20 blocks
- get the lowest gas price of these blocks
- sort the price array and return the middle(60%) one

This works for full nodes, which have all blocks available locally.
However, this is very expensive for the light client because the light
client needs to retrieve block bodies from the network.

The PR changes the default options for light client. With the new config,
the light client only retrieves the two latest blocks, but in order to
collect more sample transactions, the 3 lowest prices are collected from
each block.

This PR also changes the behavior for empty blocks. If the block is empty,
the lastest price is reused for sampling.

* rpc, internal/ethapi: default rpc gascap at 50M + better error message

* eth,internal: make globalgascap uint64

* core/tests: fix compilation failure

* eth/config: gascap at 25M + minor review concerns

* eth/downloaded: fixed datarace between synchronize and Progress

There was a race condition between `downloader.synchronize()` and `Progress` `syncWithPeer` `fetchHeight` `findAncestors` and `processHeaders`
This PR changes the behavior of the downloader a bit.
Previously the functions `Progress` `syncWithPeer` `fetchHeight` `findAncestors` and `processHeaders` read the syncMode anew within their loops. Now they read the syncMode at the start of their function and don't change it during their runtime.

* eth/downloaded: comment

* eth/downloader: added comment