build: add -dlgo flag in ci.go (#21824)

This new flag downloads a known version of Go and builds with it. This
is meant for environments where we can't easily upgrade the installed Go
version.

* .travis.yml: remove install step for PR test builders

We added this step originally to avoid re-building everything
for every test. go test has become much smarter in recent go
releases, so we no longer need to install anything here.