This PR removes the blockhash from the statedb

* eth/gasprice: implement feeHistory API

* eth/gasprice: factored out resolveBlockRange

* eth/gasprice: add sanity check for missing block

* eth/gasprice: fetch actual gas used from receipts

* miner, eth/gasprice: add PendingBlockAndReceipts

* internal/ethapi: use hexutil.Big

* eth/gasprice: return error when requesting beyond head block

* eth/gasprice: fixed tests and return errors correctly

* eth/gasprice: rename receiver name

* eth/gasprice: return directly if blockCount == 0

Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>

* all: rename internal 1559 gas fields, add support for graphql

* cmd/evm/testdata, core: use public 1559 gas names on API surfaces

* core/types, miner: create TxWithMinerFee wrapper, add EIP-1559 support to TransactionsByMinerFeeAndNonce

miner: set base fee when creating a new header, handle gas limit, log miner fees

* all: rename to NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce

* core/types, miner: rename to NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce + EffectiveTip

miner: activate 1559 for testGenerateBlockAndImport tests

* core,miner: revert naming to TransactionsByPriceAndTime

* core/types/transaction: update effective tip calculation logic

* miner: update aleut to london

* core/types/transaction_test: use correct signer for 1559 txs + add back sender check

* miner/worker: calculate gas target from gas limit

* core, miner: fix block  gas limits for 1559

Co-authored-by: Ansgar Dietrichs <adietrichs@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: lightclient@protonmail.com <lightclient@protonmail.com>

This adds support for EIP-2718 typed transactions as well as EIP-2930
access list transactions (tx type 1). These EIPs are scheduled for the
Berlin fork.

There very few changes to existing APIs in core/types, and several new APIs
to deal with access list transactions. In particular, there are two new
constructor functions for transactions: types.NewTx and types.SignNewTx.
Since the canonical encoding of typed transactions is not RLP-compatible,
Transaction now has new methods for encoding and decoding: MarshalBinary
and UnmarshalBinary.

The existing EIP-155 signer does not support the new transaction types.
All code dealing with transaction signatures should be updated to use the
newer EIP-2930 signer. To make this easier for future updates, we have
added new constructor functions for types.Signer: types.LatestSigner and
types.LatestSignerForChainID. 

This change also adds support for the YoloV3 testnet.

Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Co-authored-by: Ryan Schneider <ryanleeschneider@gmail.com>

The PR makes use of the stacktrie, which is is more lenient on resource consumption, than the regular trie, in cases where we only need it for DeriveSha

This PR removes a logic in the miner, which was originally intended to help temporary testnets based on ethash from "running off into the future". If the difficulty was low, and a few computers started mining several blocks per second, the ethash rules (which demand 1s delay between blocks) would push the blocktimes further and further away.
The solution was to make the miner sleep while this happened.

Nowadays, this problem is solved instead by PoA chains, and it's recommended to let testnets and devnets be based on clique instead. The existing logic is problematic, since it can cause stalls within the miner making it difficult for remote workers to submit work if the channel is blocked on a sleep.

Credits to Saar Tochner for reporting this via the bug bounty

In miner/worker.go, there are two goroutine using channel w.newWorkCh: newWorkerLoop() sends to this channel, and mainLoop() receives from this channel. Only the receive operation is in a select.

However, w.exitCh may be closed by another goroutine. This is fine for the receive since receive is in select, but if the send operation is blocking, then it will block forever. This commit puts the send in a select, so it won't block even if w.exitCh is closed.

Similarly, there are two goroutines using channel errc: the parent that runs the test receives from it, and the child created at line 573 sends to it. If the parent goroutine exits too early by calling t.Fatalf() at line 614, then the child goroutine will be blocked at line 574 forever. This commit adds 1 buffer to errc. Now send will not block, and receive is not influenced because receive still needs to wait for the send.

A lot of times when we hit 'core' errors, example: invalid tx, the information provided is
insufficient. We miss several pieces of information: what account has nonce too high,
and what transaction in that block was offending?

This PR adds that information, using the new type of wrapped errors.
It also adds a testcase which (partly) verifies the output from the errors.

The first commit changes all usage of direct equality-checks on core errors, into
using errors.Is. The second commit adds contextual information. This wraps most
of the core errors with more information, and also wraps it one more time in
stateprocessor, to further provide tx index and tx hash, if such a tx is encoutered in
a block. The third commit uses the chainmaker to try to generate chains with such
errors in them, thus triggering the errors and checking that the generated string meets
expectations.

This PR changes several different things:

- Adds test cases for the miner loop
- Stops the worker if it wasn't already stopped in worker.Close()
- Uses channels instead of atomics in the miner.update() loop

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

This reduces complexity of some lengthy functions in worker.go,
making the code easier to read.

* cmd, miner: add noempty-precommit flag

* cmd, miner: get rid of external flag

* miner: change bool to atomic int

* miner: fix tiny typo

Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

This change:

- removes the PostChainEvents method on core.BlockChain.
- sorts 'removed log' events by block number.
- fire the NewChainHead event if we inject a canonical block into the chain
  even if the entire insertion is not successful.
- guarantees correct event ordering in all cases.

* miner: fix data race in tests

miner: fix linter

* miner: address comment

* miner: don't update pending state when no transactions are added

* miner: avoid transaction processing when pending block is already full

* consensus,core,miner: avoid overhead of creating a new block

* consensus: nitpick dot

* consensus: fix some comment formatting nits

* cmd, eth, miner: disable advance sealing if user require

* cmd, console, miner, les, eth: wrap the miner config

* eth: remove todo

* cmd, miner: revert noadvance flag

The reason for this is: if the transaction execution is even longer
than block time, then this kind of transactions is DoS attack.

* all: simplify timestamps to uint64

* tests: update definitions

* clef, faucet, mobile: leftover uint64 fixups

* ethash: fix tests

* graphql: update schema for timestamp

* ethash: remove unused variable

Solves #15210 without changing consensus, in a backwards compatible way,
by adding tx inclusion information to the Receipt struct.

Until this commit, when sending an RPC request that called `NewEVM`, a blank `vm.Config`
would be taken so as to set some options, based on the default configuration. If some extra
configuration switches were passed to the blockchain, those would be ignored.

This PR adds a function to get the config from the blockchain, and this is what is now used
for RPC calls.

Some subsequent changes need to be made, see https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/17955#pullrequestreview-182237244
for the details of the discussion.

* core, eth: fix dependency cycle

* eth, miner: perfer to locally generated uncle

* consensus, miner: stale block supporting

* consensus, miner: refactor seal signature

* cmd, consensus, eth: add miner noverify flag

* cmd, consensus, miner: polish

* miner: commit state which is relative with sealing result

* consensus, core, miner, mobile: introduce sealHash interface

* miner: evict pending task with threshold

* miner: go fmt

* cmd, eth, miner: make recommit configurable

* cmd, eth, les, miner: polish a bit

* miner: filter duplicate sealing work

* cmd: remove uncessary conversion

* miner: avoid microptimization in favor of cleaner code